🦠 Bacteriology
Select an organism to begin studying.
🟣 Gram-Positive Cocci▾
🍇 Staphylococci
Catalase+S. aureusCoagulase-Negative StaphMRSA risk
🧫 Streptococci
ClassificationGASGBSPneumoniaeViridans
🧂 Enterococcus faecalis & E. faecium
6.5% NaCl growthPYR+VRE risk
🦠 Gram-Positive & Acid-Fast Rods▾
🧬 Bacillus Species
Aerobic spore-formersAnthraxFood poisoning
🧬 Clostridium Species
Anaerobic spore-formersTetanus/botulismGas gangreneC. diff colitis
🩶 Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)
β-prophage toxinADP-ribosylates EF-2Grey pseudomembraneMetachromatic granules
❄️ Listeria monocytogenes
Cold growth (4°C)Tumbling motilityActin rocket tailsAmpicillin (not cephalosporins)
🦭 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
H₂S on TSIErysipeloidFish/meat handlersVancomycin-resistant
🧠 Nocardia (vs Actinomyces)
Aerobe, partially acid-fastSoil / immunocompromisedPulmonary → brain abscessSulfonamides (SNAP)
🩷 Rhodococcus equi
Salmon-pink coloniesModified acid-fastCavitary pneumoniaSoil / herbivore dung
🫁 Mycobacteria & Mycobacterial Disease
Acid-fastTB pathogenesisTuberculin/IGRAMDR/XDR-TBLeprosy
🩸 Gram-Negative Organisms▾
📑 Enterobacteriaceae
Oxidase−Ferment glucoseMacConkey growth
🦠 Neisseria & Moraxella
Oxidase+Gonorrhea + Meningitis+Moraxella
💙 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Oxidase+Blue-green pigmentGrows at 42°C
🏥 Acinetobacter, Steno & Burkh.
Oxidase− (Acin/Steno)Colistin (Acin)TMP-SMX (Steno)
🧬 Haemophilus & Aggregatibacter
X+V factorsChancroidHACEK
😤 Bordetella pertussis
Strict aerobeRegan-Lowe mediumDTaP/Tdap vaccine
🐐 Brucella & Francisella
IntracellularBSL III (Francisella)Doxycycline + streptomycin
🌊 Vibrio cholerae
Oxidase+Curved rodTCBS yellow
🐟 Aeromonas
Oxidase+FreshwaterWound infxns
🍗 Campylobacter jejuni
Oxidase+42°C microaerophilicSea gull morphology
🔥 Helicobacter pylori
Urease strongly+Spiral rodCagA oncoprotein
🦠 Yersinia Species
Bipolar safety-pinPlaguePseudoappendicitis
🐕 Pasteurella multocida
Oxidase+Bipolar stainingPenicillin G
🚿 Legionella pneumophila
BCYE agar onlyIntracellularUAT = serogroup 1 only
🐱 Bartonella Species
IntracellularWarthin-Starry stainBacillary angiomatosis
🍽️ Tropheryma whipplei & S. moniliformis
PAS stain (Whipple)Cultures always negativeRat-bite fever
🟣 Anaerobes▾
🦨 Bacteroides, Prevotella & Fusobacterium
B. fragilis capsuleSOD+Lemierre diseaseβ-lactamase+
🐟 Gardnerella & Bacterial Vaginosis
Clue cellsFishy odourpH >4.5Metronidazole
🟡 Actinomyces, Cutibacterium & Cocci
Sulfur granulesLumpy jawMolar tooth coloniesPenicillin 6–12 mo
🌀 Spirochetes▾
🌀 Spirochetes
Treponema/SyphilisBorreliaLeptospira
🧫 Atypical & Intracellular Organisms▾
🚶 Mycoplasma pneumoniae
No cell wallSterol membraneCold agglutininsWalking pneumonia
🚻 Genital Mycoplasmas
M. hominis fried-eggUreaplasma NGUM. genitalium NAATAzithromycin
🦠 Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia & Coxiella
VasculitisRash + feverDoxycycline
🔄 Chlamydia Species
EB ↔ RB cycleIodine = trachomatis3 species
🍄 Medical Mycology
🍄 Fungal Biology & Classification
ErgosterolChitin wallDimorphism
✨ Superficial Mycoses
MalasseziaTinea nigraPiedra
🦶 Cutaneous Mycoses
DermatophytesKeratin-restricted
🌿 Subcutaneous Mycoses
SporothrixChromoblastomycosisMycetoma
🗺️ Endemic Dimorphic Fungi
HistoplasmaBlastomycesCoccidioidesParacoccidioides
🛡️ Opportunistic Fungi
CandidaCryptococcusAspergillusMucoralesPneumocystis
💊 Antifungal Drugs
PolyenesAzolesEchinocandins
⭐ High-Yield Comparisons
ComparisonsBuzzwords
📋 General Microbiology
🔬 Cell Structure
Cell envelopeSpores & growthStaining methods
🧬 Microbial Genetics
DNA & gene transferMutationGenetic engineering
⚛️ Microbial Metabolism
Enzyme regulationBiosynthesisPathway control
🦠 Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection
Virulence factorsToxinsInvasion & evasion
🧬 Foundational Virology
🧬 General Properties of Viruses
Baltimore classificationCapsid & symmetryReplication cycle
🛡️ Pathogenesis & Control of Viral Diseases
Stages of infectionCongenital infectionVaccines & antivirals
🧬 DNA Viruses▾
🩸 Parvoviruses
Smallest DNA virusB19 fifth diseaseAplastic crisis
👁️ Adenoviruses
Nonenveloped dsDNAPharyngoconjunctival feverGene therapy vector
🔁 Herpesviruses
Lifelong latencyHSV, VZV, EBV, CMVOwl's-eye inclusions
🦠 Poxviruses
Largest human virusSmallpox & mpoxCytoplasmic replication
🧪 Hepatitis & Enteric Viruses▾
🧪 Hepatitis Viruses
Five unrelated virusesHBV/HCV chronicityFecal-oral vs blood-borne
🦶 Picornaviruses
IRES translationPoliovirusRhinovirus common cold
🤢 Reo/Rota/Caliciviruses
Rotavirus diarrheaNorovirus outbreaksSegmented dsRNA
🦟 Respiratory & Arthropod-Borne RNA Viruses▾
🦟 Arboviruses & Rodent-Borne Viruses
Mosquito/tick-borneDengue, Zika, yellow feverHantavirus, Lassa
🤧 Influenza (Orthomyxoviruses)
Antigenic drift/shiftSegmented genomeHA/NA glycoproteins
👶 Paramyxoviruses & Rubella
Measles, mumps, RSVNonsegmented RNACongenital rubella
🫁 Coronaviruses
Largest RNA genomeSARS, MERS, COVID-19Cytoplasmic replication
🎗️ Special Agents & Retroviruses▾
🐕 Rabies Virus
Bullet-shaped rhabdovirusNegri bodiesPostexposure prophylaxis
🧠 Slow Viruses & Prions
SSPE & PMLMisfolded proteinNo immune response
🎗️ Human Cancer Viruses
HPV, EBV, HHV-8Viral oncoproteinsHTLV-1
🎗️ AIDS & Lentiviruses (HIV)
RetrovirusCD4 depletionAntiretroviral therapy
🌐 Foundations
🌐 Intro to Medical Parasitology
Host-parasite termsLife cycle vocabClassification
🦠 Protozoa▾
🦠 Intestinal & Luminal Protozoa
GiardiaEntamoebaCryptosporidiumTrichomonas
🦟 Malaria (Plasmodium)
Life cycleSpecies IDSevere malariaVaccines
🦟 Babesia, Trypanosomes & Leishmania
BabesiosisSleeping sicknessChagasLeishmaniasis
🧠 CNS Protozoa & Toxoplasma
NaegleriaAcanthamoebaToxoplasma
🪱 Nematodes▾
🪱 Intestinal Nematodes
PinwormAscarisHookwormsStrongyloides
🦵 Tissue Nematodes & Filariae
FilariasisRiver blindnessToxocaraTrichinella
🎗️ Cestodes & Trematodes▾
🎗️ Cestodes (Tapeworms)
TaeniaEchinococcusDiphyllobothrium
🐌 Trematodes (Flukes)
SchistosomaClonorchisParagonimusFasciola
🦟 Ectoparasites & Pharm▾
🦟 Ectoparasites & Antiparasitic Pharmacology
ScabiesLiceBed bugsDrug review
🩺 General Pathology
🧬 The Cell as a Unit of Health & Disease
Genome & epigeneticsOrganellesSignalingECMCell cycle
💀 Cell Injury, Cell Death & Adaptations
Necrosis typesApoptosisFree radicalsCellular aging
🩹 Inflammation and Repair
Acute vs chronicChemical mediatorsWound healingGranulomas
🩸 Hemodynamic Disorders & Shock
EdemaThrombosisEmbolismDIC
🧬 Genetic Disorders
Mendelian patternsChromosomal disordersTrinucleotide repeats
🛡️ Diseases of the Immune System
HypersensitivityAutoimmunityImmunodeficiency
🧫 Neoplasia
CarcinogenesisGrading & stagingTumor markers
🦠 Infectious Diseases
BacteriaVirusesFungiParasites
☢️ Environmental Diseases
PollutantsDrugs & toxinsPhysical injury
🍽️ Nutritional Diseases
VitaminsObesityMalnutrition
🫀 Systemic Pathology
❤️ Cardiac Pathology
Ischemic heart diseaseValvular diseaseCardiomyopathy
🌊 Vascular Pathology
AtherosclerosisVasculitisAneurysms
🫁 Pulmonary Pathology
COPDRestrictive lung diseasePulmonary vascular
🩸 Anemias & Bleeding Disorders
Microcytic anemiaHemolytic anemiaCoagulopathies
🅱️ Lymphoid Neoplasms
LymphomaLeukemiaPlasma cell disorders
🧬 Myeloid Neoplasms, Spleen & Thymus
AMLMyeloproliferative neoplasmsMDS
🍽️ Digestive System Pathology
Esophagus & stomachLiver & pancreasIBD
💧 Urinary Tract Diseases
Glomerular diseaseTubulointerstitial diseaseCystic kidney
🎗️ Genital Tract Diseases
Cervix & ovaryTestis & prostate
🎗️ Breast Diseases
Fibrocystic changeCarcinomaFibroadenoma
🦋 Endocrine System
ThyroidPituitaryAdrenalPancreas
🧴 Skin Pathology
Inflammatory dermatosesInfectionsSkin tumors
🦴 Bones, Joints & Soft Tissue Tumors
Metabolic bone diseaseArthritisSarcomas
🧵 Peripheral Nerve Pathology
NeuropathiesNerve sheath tumors
🦷 Head and Neck Pathology
Oral cavitySalivary glandLarynx
👶 Pediatric Genetic & Neoplastic Disease
Inherited disordersPediatric tumors
🍼 Perinatal & Developmental Pathology
PrematurityCongenital anomalies
🧠 Central Nervous System Pathology
StrokeNeurodegenerationCNS tumors
👁️ Eye Pathology
GlaucomaRetinal diseaseCataracts
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Positive Bacilli
Bacillus Species
Aerobic spore-forming Gram-positive rods — B. anthracis (anthrax) & B. cereus (food poisoning)
➕ Gram-PositiveAerobe • Spore-former⚡ B. anthracis: poly-D-glutamate capsule, pXO1/pXO2 toxins, bioweapon. B. cereus: reheated-rice emetic toxin.
Active Recall
🦠 Bacillus Species Practice
Active recall questions on B. anthracis (anthrax) and B. cereus (food poisoning).
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Positive Bacilli
Clostridium Species
Anaerobic spore-forming Gram-positive rods — tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, C. diff colitis
➕ Gram-PositiveAnaerobe • Spore-former⚡ More toxins than any other bacterial genus: tetanospasmin, botulinum toxin, alpha toxin, toxins A/B.
Active Recall
🦠 Clostridium Species Practice
Active recall questions on C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Positive Bacilli
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)
Aerobic non-spore-forming Gram-positive rod
➕ Gram-PositiveAerobe • Club-shaped⚡ Phage-encoded toxin ADP-ribosylates EF-2 → grey pharyngeal pseudomembrane + myocarditis.
Active Recall
🩶 Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria) Practice
Active recall questions on Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria).
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Positive Bacilli
Listeria monocytogenes
Aerobic non-spore-forming Gram-positive rod
➕ Gram-PositiveFacultative • Tumbling⚡ Grows in the fridge, rockets between cells, and threatens neonates, pregnancy & the elderly.
Active Recall
❄️ Listeria monocytogenes Practice
Active recall questions on Listeria monocytogenes.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Positive Bacilli
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Non-spore-forming Gram-positive rod
➕ Gram-PositiveZoonosis⚡ The only Gram-positive rod that makes H₂S on TSI — “seal-finger” of fish handlers.
Active Recall
🦭 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Practice
Active recall questions on Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Positive Bacilli
Nocardia (vs Actinomyces)
Aerobic, partially acid-fast, branching Gram-positive rod
➕ Gram-PositiveAerobe • Filamentous⚡ Soil aerobe causing TB-like pneumonia → brain abscess in the immunocompromised. SNAP.
Active Recall
🧠 Nocardia (vs Actinomyces) Practice
Active recall questions on Nocardia (vs Actinomyces).
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Positive Bacilli
Rhodococcus equi
Partially acid-fast coccobacillus
➕ Gram-PositiveAerobe • Zoonosis⚡ Salmon-pink, modified-acid-fast cause of cavitary pneumonia in the immunosuppressed.
Active Recall
🩷 Rhodococcus equi Practice
Active recall questions on Rhodococcus equi.
🍄
Medical Microbiology › Mycology
🍄 Fungal Biology & Classification
🍄 Mycology⚡ The ground rules: ergosterol, cell wall, and thermal dimorphism.
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🍄 Fungal Biology & Classification Practice
Active recall questions on Fungal Biology & Classification.
✨
Medical Microbiology › Mycology
✨ Superficial Mycoses
🍄 Mycology⚡ Skin-surface fungi: Malassezia, tinea nigra, piedra.
Active Recall
✨ Superficial Mycoses Practice
Active recall questions on Superficial Mycoses.
🦶
Medical Microbiology › Mycology
🦶 Cutaneous Mycoses
🍄 Mycology⚡ Dermatophytes & the tineas — restricted to keratin.
Active Recall
🦶 Cutaneous Mycoses Practice
Active recall questions on Cutaneous Mycoses.
🌿
Medical Microbiology › Mycology
🌿 Subcutaneous Mycoses
🍄 Mycology⚡ Traumatic inoculation: Sporothrix, chromoblastomycosis, mycetoma.
Active Recall
🌿 Subcutaneous Mycoses Practice
Active recall questions on Subcutaneous Mycoses.
🗺️
Medical Microbiology › Mycology
🗺️ Endemic Dimorphic Fungi
🍄 Mycology⚡ Histo, Blasto, Cocci, Paracocci — geography & tissue forms.
Active Recall
🗺️ Endemic Dimorphic Fungi Practice
Active recall questions on Endemic Dimorphic Fungi.
🛡️
Medical Microbiology › Mycology
🛡️ Opportunistic Fungi
🍄 Mycology⚡ Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, Mucorales, Pneumocystis.
Active Recall
🛡️ Opportunistic Fungi Practice
Active recall questions on Opportunistic Fungi.
💊
Medical Microbiology › Mycology
💊 Antifungal Drugs
🍄 Mycology⚡ Polyenes, azoles, echinocandins, allylamines.
Active Recall
💊 Antifungal Drugs Practice
Active recall questions on Antifungal Drugs.
⭐
Medical Microbiology › Mycology
⭐ High-Yield Comparisons
🍄 Mycology⚡ Rapid integration, buzzwords, and side-by-sides.
Active Recall
⭐ High-Yield Comparisons Practice
Active recall questions on High-Yield Comparisons.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Positive Cocci
Staphylococci
➕ Gram-PositiveCocci🍇 Golden pathogen. 🔩 Skin flora turned biofilm menace.
Active Recall
🍇 Staphylococci Practice
Active recall questions on Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci.
🍇 Staphylococcus aureus
🔩 Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Positive Cocci
Streptococci
➕ Gram-PositiveCocci🦠 One family, five faces — rheumatic fever to pneumonia to dental caries.
Active Recall
🦠 Streptococci Practice
Active recall questions across Streptococcus classification, pyogenes, agalactiae, pneumoniae, and viridans/other streptococci.
📋 Classification & Comparison
🫀 S. pyogenes (GAS)
👶 S. agalactiae (GBS)
🫁 S. pneumoniae
🦷 Viridans & Other Streptococci
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Positive Cocci
Enterococcus faecalis & E. faecium
➕ Gram-PositiveCocci⚡ VRE — D-Ala-D-Lac defeats vancomycin.
Active Recall
🧂 Enterococcus faecalis & E. faecium Practice
Active recall questions on Enterococcus faecalis & E. faecium.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Negative — Enterobacteriaceae
Enterobacteriaceae
Overview · E. coli · Klebsiella & Other Genera · Shigella · Salmonella
➕ Gram-NegativeRods⚡ All oxidase negative. Ferment glucose. Grow on MacConkey.
Active Recall
📑 Enterobacteriaceae Practice
Active recall questions on classification, antigens, E. coli, Klebsiella & other genera, Shigella, and Salmonella.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Negative — Non-Fermenters
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
➖ Gram-NegativeRods⚡ Blue-green pigment. Ecthyma gangrenosum. Always combination therapy.
Active Recall
💙 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Practice
Active recall questions on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Negative — Non-Fermenters
Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas & Acinetobacter
➖ Gram-NegativeRods⚡ Acinetobacter = oxidase−. Steno = TMP-SMX despite carbapenem resistance.
Active Recall
🏥 Acinetobacter, Steno & Burkh. Practice
Active recall questions on Acinetobacter, Steno & Burkh..
Medical Microbiology › Mycobacteria
Mycobacteria & Mycobacterial Disease
➕ Acid-FastBacilli⚡ M. tuberculosis = slow-growing obligate aerobe. M. leprae = uncultivable, PCR-based dx.
Active Recall
🫁 Mycobacteria Practice
Active recall questions on Mycobacteria & Mycobacterial Disease.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Negative — Waterborne
Vibrio cholerae
➖ Gram-NegativeRods⚡ TCBS yellow. Rice-water diarrhoea up to 30 L/day.
Active Recall
🌊 Vibrio cholerae Practice
Active recall questions on Vibrio cholerae.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Negative — Waterborne
Aeromonas
➖ Gram-NegativeRods⚡ Freshwater wounds & leeches. Oxidase+, unlike Enterobacteriaceae.
Active Recall
🐟 Aeromonas Practice
Active recall questions on Aeromonas.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Negative — Waterborne
Campylobacter jejuni
➖ Gram-NegativeRods⚡ #1 bacterial gastroenteritis in the US. Guillain-Barré after.
Active Recall
🍗 Campylobacter jejuni Practice
Active recall questions on Campylobacter jejuni.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Negative — Waterborne
Helicobacter pylori
➖ Gram-NegativeRods⚡ WHO Group I carcinogen. UBT for test of cure — never serology.
Active Recall
🔥 Helicobacter pylori Practice
Active recall questions on Helicobacter pylori.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Negative — Fastidious
Haemophilus & Aggregatibacter Species
➕ Gram-NegativeFastidious Rods⚡ X/V factors define the species. Hib vaccine = >95% reduction in invasive disease. H. ducreyi = chancroid; Aggregatibacter = HACEK endocarditis.
Active Recall
🧬 Haemophilus & Aggregatibacter Practice
Active recall questions on H. influenzae, H. ducreyi, H. aegyptius, and Aggregatibacter species.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Negative — Fastidious
Bordetella pertussis
➖ Gram-NegativeRods⚡ PT → absolute lymphocytosis. Erythromycin in catarrhal stage only.
Active Recall
😤 Bordetella pertussis Practice
Active recall questions on Bordetella pertussis.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Negative — Fastidious
Brucella & Francisella
➖ Gram-NegativeRods⚡ Undulant fever vs. 50-organism infectious dose. Both intracellular.
Active Recall
🐐 Brucella & Francisella Practice
Active recall questions on Brucella & Francisella.
Medical Microbiology › Zoonoses & Environmental
Yersinia Species
Y. pestis (plague) · Y. enterocolitica & Y. pseudotuberculosis (foodborne)
➕ Gram-NegativeRods⚡ Bipolar "safety pin" staining across the genus. Y. pestis = CDC Tier 1, pneumonic form ~100% untreated mortality.
Active Recall
🦠 Yersinia Species Practice
Active recall questions on Y. pestis (plague) and Y. enterocolitica/Y. pseudotuberculosis.
Medical Microbiology › Zoonoses & Environmental
Pasteurella multocida
➖ Gram-NegativeRods⚡ Cat or dog bite → pain + swelling within hours. Penicillin G.
Active Recall
🐕 Pasteurella multocida Practice
Active recall questions on Pasteurella multocida.
Medical Microbiology › Zoonoses & Environmental
Legionella pneumophila
➖ Gram-NegativeRods⚡ BCYE agar only. UAT = serogroup 1 only. Hyponatraemia is the clue.
Active Recall
🚿 Legionella pneumophila Practice
Active recall questions on Legionella pneumophila.
Medical Microbiology › Zoonoses & Environmental
Bartonella Species
➖ Gram-NegativeRods⚡ Cat scratch → B. henselae. Body louse → B. quintana.
Active Recall
🐱 Bartonella Species Practice
Active recall questions on Bartonella Species.
Medical Microbiology › Zoonoses & Environmental
Tropheryma whipplei & S. moniliformis
➕ Gram-PositiveRods⚡ PAS stain + foamy macrophages = Whipple. Rat bite = rat-bite fever.
Active Recall
🍽️ Tropheryma whipplei & S. moniliformis Practice
Active recall questions on Tropheryma whipplei & S. moniliformis.
Medical Microbiology › Gram-Negative Diplococci
Neisseria & Moraxella
➖ Gram-NegativeDiplococci⚡ Gonococci: no capsule, constant antigenic variation. Meningococci: capsule, highest endotoxin of any Gram-negative infection.
Active Recall
🦠 Neisseria & Moraxella Practice
Active recall questions on N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, and other Neisseria/Moraxella.
🦨
Medical Microbiology › Anaerobes
Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas & Fusobacterium
➖ Gram-NegativeAnaerobic Rods⚡ B. fragilis capsule causes abscesses alone. F. necrophorum → Lemierre disease.
Active Recall
🦨 Bacteroides, Prevotella & Fusobacterium Practice
Active recall questions on Bacteroides, Prevotella & Fusobacterium.
🐟
Medical Microbiology › Anaerobes
Gardnerella vaginalis & Bacterial Vaginosis
⚖ Gram-VariableCoccobacilli⚡ Clue cells + fishy odour + pH >4.5, NO inflammatory cells. Treat with metronidazole.
Gardnerella vaginalis & Bacterial Vaginosis
Bacterial Vaginosis — Key Features
- Common vaginal condition in women of reproductive age; associated with preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes
- No inflammatory cells present ("non-specific" vaginitis)
- Wet smear: "clue cells" = vaginal epithelial cells coated with many Gram-variable bacilli
- Vaginal discharge with fishy odor; pH >4.5 (normal <4.5)
- Many anaerobes present in addition to G. vaginalis; disease is suppressed by metronidazole → suggests anaerobic association
- Treatment: oral metronidazole (generally curative)
Active Recall
🐟 Gardnerella & Bacterial Vaginosis Practice
Active recall questions on Gardnerella & Bacterial Vaginosis.
🟡
Medical Microbiology › Anaerobes
Actinomyces, Cutibacterium & Anaerobic Cocci
➕ Gram-PositiveAnaerobic Rods/Cocci⚡ Sulfur granules + lumpy jaw = Actinomyces. Penicillin 6–12 months. C. acnes contaminates cultures.
Active Recall
🟡 Actinomyces, Cutibacterium & Cocci Practice
Active recall questions on Actinomyces, Cutibacterium & Cocci.
Medical Microbiology › Spirochetes
Spirochetes
Treponema & Syphilis · Yaws · Borrelia (Relapsing Fever & Lyme) · Leptospira
➕ Gram-NegativeSpiral⚡ Thin, tightly coiled; seen by dark-field or silver stain, not Gram stain.
Active Recall
🌀 Spirochetes Practice
Active recall questions on Treponema/syphilis, yaws, Borrelia (relapsing fever & Lyme), and Leptospira.
🚶
Medical Microbiology › Mycoplasmas
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
🧫 No Cell WallPleomorphic⚡ Walking pneumonia. No wall → no β-lactams. Cold agglutinins + X-ray worse than exam.
Active Recall
🚶 Mycoplasma pneumoniae Practice
Active recall questions on Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
🚻
Medical Microbiology › Mycoplasmas
Genital Mycoplasmas
🧫 No Cell WallPleomorphic⚡ hominis→mother, urealyticum→urethra (NGU), genitalium→genitals (NAAT + azithromycin).
Active Recall
🚻 Genital Mycoplasmas Practice
Active recall questions on Genital Mycoplasmas.
Medical Microbiology › Obligate Intracellular
Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia & Coxiella
Typhus & spotted fever groups · rickettsialpox · scrub typhus · ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis · Q fever
🔴 Obligate IntracellularArthropod-borne (mostly)⚡ Fever + headache + rash built on vasculitis. Doxycycline treats nearly everything in this group.
Active Recall
🦠 Rickettsia Group Practice
Active recall questions on Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia/Anaplasma, and Coxiella.
Medical Microbiology › Obligate Intracellular
Chlamydia Species
Overview · C. trachomatis (trachoma, genital, LGV) · C. pneumoniae · C. psittaci
🔴 Obligate IntracellularChlamydia⚡ Energy parasites, no ATP synthesis. Serovars decide C. trachomatis disease: A–C blind the eye, D–K hit the genitals & newborn, L1–L3 cause LGV.
Active Recall
🦠 Chlamydia Species Practice
Active recall questions on Chlamydiae biology, C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. psittaci.
Active Recall
💊 Antimicrobials Practice
106 tap-to-reveal questions spanning every section above — mechanisms, resistance, and every major drug class.
Active Recall
🧬 Microbial Genetics Practice
Active recall questions on Microbial Genetics.
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⚛️ Microbial Metabolism Practice
Active recall questions on Microbial Metabolism.
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🔬 Cell Structure Practice
Active recall questions on Cell Structure.
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🦠 Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection Practice
Active recall questions on Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection.
Active Recall
🧠 Practice
Active recall across every organism.
🟣 Staphylococcus aureus
🟣 Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
🟣 Enterococcus faecalis & E. faecium
📑 Enterobacteriaceae
💧 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
🌊 Vibrio cholerae
🐟 Aeromonas
🌊 Campylobacter jejuni
🌊 Helicobacter pylori
🧬 Haemophilus & Aggregatibacter
🔬 Bordetella pertussis
🔬 Brucella & Francisella
🐾 Yersinia Species
🐾 Pasteurella multocida
🐾 Legionella pneumophila
🐾 Bartonella Species
🐾 Tropheryma whipplei & S. moniliformis
🦠 Neisseria & Moraxella
🟣 Bacteroides, Prevotella & Fusobacterium
🟣 Gardnerella & Bacterial Vaginosis
🟣 Actinomyces, Cutibacterium & Cocci
🌀 Spirochetes
🫧 Mycoplasma pneumoniae
🫧 Genital Mycoplasmas
💊 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
🫁 Mycobacteria
🤖
AI-Generated MCQs Coming Soon
Once the AI feature is enabled, this section will generate multiple choice questions from your notes on demand — filtered by organism, topic, or difficulty.
Active Recall
🍄 Mycology Practice
Active recall across all 103 questions, every mycology topic.
🧬 Fungal Biology & Classification
🔬 Laboratory Diagnosis
🍝 Malassezia furfur
🌑 Tinea Nigra & Piedra
💅 Dermatophytes (Tinea)
🌹 Sporothrix schenckii
🟤 Chromoblastomycosis & Phaeohyphomycosis
🦅 Histoplasma capsulatum
🌵 Coccidioides immitis / posadasii
🔗 Blastomyces dermatitidis
☸️ Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
🔬 Candida albicans
🫧 Cryptococcus neoformans
↗️ Aspergillus fumigatus
🌀 Mucor / Rhizopus
🫁 Pneumocystis jirovecii
💊 Antifungal Drugs
⭐ High-Yield Review
Active Recall
📋 General Microbiology Practice
Active recall across all 584 questions, every general microbiology topic.
🔬 Cell Structure Practice
🧬 Microbial Genetics Practice
⚛️ Microbial Metabolism Practice
🦠 Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection Practice
Active Recall
🧪 Virology Practice
Active recall across all 388 questions, every virology chapter.
🧬 General Properties of Viruses
🛡️ Pathogenesis & Control of Viral Diseases
🩸 Parvoviruses
👁️ Adenoviruses
🔁 Herpesviruses
🦠 Poxviruses
🧪 Hepatitis Viruses
🦶 Picornaviruses
🤢 Reo/Rota/Caliciviruses
🦟 Arboviruses & Rodent-Borne Viruses
🤧 Influenza (Orthomyxoviruses)
👶 Paramyxoviruses & Rubella
🫁 Coronaviruses
🐕 Rabies Virus
🧠 Slow Viruses & Prions
🎗️ Human Cancer Viruses
🎗️ AIDS & Lentiviruses (HIV)
Active Recall
🪱 Parasitology Practice
Active recall across all 113 questions, every parasitology chapter.
🌐 Intro to Medical Parasitology
🦠 Intestinal & Luminal Protozoa
🦟 Malaria (Plasmodium)
🦟 Babesia, Trypanosomes & Leishmania
🧠 CNS Protozoa & Toxoplasma
🪱 Intestinal Nematodes
🦵 Tissue Nematodes & Filariae
🎗️ Cestodes (Tapeworms)
🐌 Trematodes (Flukes)
🦟 Ectoparasites & Antiparasitic Pharmacology
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🧠 Practice — Medical Microbiology
1583 questions combined across every topic — filter by subject
Showing all 1583 questions
🔬 Cell Structure Practice
🧬 Microbial Genetics Practice
⚛️ Microbial Metabolism Practice
🦠 Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection Practice
💊 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
🟣 Staphylococcus aureus
🟣 Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
🟣 Enterococcus faecalis & E. faecium
📑 Enterobacteriaceae
💧 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
🌊 Vibrio cholerae
🐟 Aeromonas
🌊 Campylobacter jejuni
🌊 Helicobacter pylori
🧬 Haemophilus & Aggregatibacter
🔬 Bordetella pertussis
🔬 Brucella & Francisella
🐾 Yersinia Species
🐾 Pasteurella multocida
🐾 Legionella pneumophila
🐾 Bartonella Species
🐾 Tropheryma whipplei & S. moniliformis
🦠 Neisseria & Moraxella
🟣 Bacteroides, Prevotella & Fusobacterium
🟣 Gardnerella & Bacterial Vaginosis
🟣 Actinomyces, Cutibacterium & Cocci
🌀 Spirochetes
🫧 Mycoplasma pneumoniae
🫧 Genital Mycoplasmas
🧬 Fungal Biology & Classification
🔬 Laboratory Diagnosis
🍝 Malassezia furfur
🌑 Tinea Nigra & Piedra
💅 Dermatophytes (Tinea)
🌹 Sporothrix schenckii
🟤 Chromoblastomycosis & Phaeohyphomycosis
🦅 Histoplasma capsulatum
🌵 Coccidioides immitis / posadasii
🔗 Blastomyces dermatitidis
☸️ Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
🔬 Candida albicans
🫧 Cryptococcus neoformans
↗️ Aspergillus fumigatus
🌀 Mucor / Rhizopus
🫁 Pneumocystis jirovecii
💊 Antifungal Drugs
⭐ High-Yield Review
🧬 General Properties of Viruses
🛡️ Pathogenesis & Control of Viral Diseases
🩸 Parvoviruses
👁️ Adenoviruses
🔁 Herpesviruses
🦠 Poxviruses
🧪 Hepatitis Viruses
🦶 Picornaviruses
🤢 Reo/Rota/Caliciviruses
🦟 Arboviruses & Rodent-Borne Viruses
🤧 Influenza (Orthomyxoviruses)
👶 Paramyxoviruses & Rubella
🫁 Coronaviruses
🐕 Rabies Virus
🧠 Slow Viruses & Prions
🎗️ Human Cancer Viruses
🎗️ AIDS & Lentiviruses (HIV)
🌐 Intro to Medical Parasitology
🦠 Intestinal & Luminal Protozoa
🦟 Malaria (Plasmodium)
🦟 Babesia, Trypanosomes & Leishmania
🧠 CNS Protozoa & Toxoplasma
🪱 Intestinal Nematodes
🦵 Tissue Nematodes & Filariae
🎗️ Cestodes (Tapeworms)
🐌 Trematodes (Flukes)
🦟 Ectoparasites & Antiparasitic Pharmacology
🧬
Pathology › General Pathology
🧬 The Cell as a Unit of Health & Disease
Genome regulation, organelles, membranes, signaling, ECM, and the cell cycle — the toolkit everything later builds on.
🩺 General Pathology⚡ Includes 2025-2026 gene-editing update (Casgevy, base/prime editing)
Active Recall
🧬 The Cell as a Unit of Health & Disease Practice
Active recall questions on genome regulation, organelles, signaling, ECM, and the cell cycle.
💀
Pathology › General Pathology
💀 Cell Injury, Cell Death & Adaptations
Reversible/irreversible injury, necrosis, apoptosis, the newer regulated-death pathways, autophagy, adaptations, accumulations, and aging.
🩺 General Pathology
Active Recall
💀 Cell Injury, Cell Death & Adaptations Practice
Active recall questions on reversible/irreversible injury, necrosis, apoptosis, the newer regulated-death pathways, autophagy, adaptations, accumulations, and aging.
🩹
Pathology › General Pathology
🩹 Inflammation and Repair
Acute and chronic inflammation, chemical mediators, granulomas, and the biology of tissue repair.
🩺 General Pathology
Active Recall
🩹 Inflammation and Repair Practice
Active recall questions on acute and chronic inflammation, chemical mediators, granulomas, and the biology of tissue repair.
🩸
Pathology › General Pathology
🩸 Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism & Shock
Edema, hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, DIC, and shock.
🩺 General Pathology
Active Recall
🩸 Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism & Shock Practice
Active recall questions on edema, hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, DIC, and shock.
🧬
Pathology › General Pathology
🧬 Genetic Disorders
Mendelian, chromosomal, mitochondrial, and multifactorial disease, plus molecular diagnostics.
🩺 General Pathology
Active Recall
🧬 Genetic Disorders Practice
Active recall questions on mendelian, chromosomal, mitochondrial, and multifactorial disease, plus molecular diagnostics.
🛡️
Pathology › General Pathology
🛡️ Diseases of the Immune System
Hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, transplant rejection, and amyloidosis.
🩺 General Pathology
Active Recall
🛡️ Diseases of the Immune System Practice
Active recall questions on hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, transplant rejection, and amyloidosis.
🧫
Pathology › General Pathology
🧫 Neoplasia
Nomenclature, hallmarks of cancer, oncogenes/tumor suppressors, invasion/metastasis, carcinogenesis, and tumor markers.
🩺 General Pathology
Active Recall
🧫 Neoplasia Practice
Active recall questions on nomenclature, hallmarks of cancer, oncogenes/tumor suppressors, invasion/metastasis, carcinogenesis, and tumor markers.
🦠
Pathology › General Pathology
🦠 Infectious Diseases
Principles of microbial pathogenesis and major bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic disease patterns.
🩺 General Pathology
Active Recall
🦠 Infectious Diseases Practice
Active recall questions on principles of microbial pathogenesis and major bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic disease patterns.
☢️
Pathology › General Pathology
☢️ Environmental Diseases
Pollutants, occupational exposures, pneumoconioses, tobacco, drugs of abuse, and physical/chemical injury.
🩺 General Pathology
Active Recall
☢️ Environmental Diseases Practice
Active recall questions on pollutants, occupational exposures, pneumoconioses, tobacco, drugs of abuse, and physical/chemical injury.
🍽️
Pathology › General Pathology
🍽️ Nutritional Diseases
Protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin/trace-element deficiencies, obesity, and eating disorders.
🩺 General Pathology
Active Recall
🍽️ Nutritional Diseases Practice
Active recall questions on protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin/trace-element deficiencies, obesity, and eating disorders.
❤️
Pathology › Cardiovascular & Pulmonary
❤️ Cardiac Pathology
Heart failure, ischemic heart disease, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and cardiac tumors.
🩺 Cardiovascular & Pulmonary
Active Recall
❤️ Cardiac Pathology Practice
Active recall questions on heart failure, ischemic heart disease, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and cardiac tumors.
🌊
Pathology › Cardiovascular & Pulmonary
🌊 Vascular Pathology
Atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysms/dissection, vasculitis, and vascular tumors.
🩺 Cardiovascular & Pulmonary
Active Recall
🌊 Vascular Pathology Practice
Active recall questions on atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysms/dissection, vasculitis, and vascular tumors.
🫁
Pathology › Cardiovascular & Pulmonary
🫁 Pulmonary Pathology
Obstructive/restrictive lung disease, pulmonary vascular disease, infections, lung tumors, and pleural disease.
🩺 Cardiovascular & Pulmonary
Active Recall
🫁 Pulmonary Pathology Practice
Active recall questions on obstructive/restrictive lung disease, pulmonary vascular disease, infections, lung tumors, and pleural disease.
🍽️
Pathology › Digestive, Renal & Reproductive
🍽️ Digestive System Pathology
Esophagus through anus, liver/biliary tract, and pancreatic disease.
🩺 Digestive, Renal & Reproductive
Active Recall
🍽️ Digestive System Pathology Practice
Active recall questions on esophagus through anus, liver/biliary tract, and pancreatic disease.
💧
Pathology › Digestive, Renal & Reproductive
💧 Urinary Tract Diseases
Glomerular, tubulointerstitial, and vascular kidney disease, plus ureter/bladder/urethra pathology.
🩺 Digestive, Renal & Reproductive
Active Recall
💧 Urinary Tract Diseases Practice
Active recall questions on glomerular, tubulointerstitial, and vascular kidney disease, plus ureter/bladder/urethra pathology.
🎗️
Pathology › Digestive, Renal & Reproductive
🎗️ Genital Tract Diseases
Male and female genital tract disease, including cervical, endometrial, and ovarian neoplasia.
🩺 Digestive, Renal & Reproductive
Active Recall
🎗️ Genital Tract Diseases Practice
Active recall questions on male and female genital tract disease, including cervical, endometrial, and ovarian neoplasia.
🎗️
Pathology › Digestive, Renal & Reproductive
🎗️ Breast Diseases
Benign breast disease and the molecular classification of breast carcinoma.
🩺 Digestive, Renal & Reproductive
Active Recall
🎗️ Breast Diseases Practice
Active recall questions on benign breast disease and the molecular classification of breast carcinoma.
🩸
Pathology › Hematologic & Lymphoid
🩸 Anemias & Bleeding Disorders
Micro/macrocytic and hemolytic anemias, hemostasis disorders, and transfusion medicine.
🩺 Hematologic & Lymphoid
Active Recall
🩸 Anemias & Bleeding Disorders Practice
Active recall questions on micro/macrocytic and hemolytic anemias, hemostasis disorders, and transfusion medicine.
🅱️
Pathology › Hematologic & Lymphoid
🅱️ Lymphoid Neoplasms
Reactive lymphadenopathy plus the WHO framework for lymphoid neoplasms.
🩺 Hematologic & Lymphoid
Active Recall
🅱️ Lymphoid Neoplasms Practice
Active recall questions on reactive lymphadenopathy plus the WHO framework for lymphoid neoplasms.
🧬
Pathology › Hematologic & Lymphoid
🧬 Myeloid Neoplasms, Spleen & Thymus
AML, MDS, myeloproliferative neoplasms, histiocytic/mast cell disease, and spleen/thymus pathology.
🩺 Hematologic & Lymphoid
Active Recall
🧬 Myeloid Neoplasms, Spleen & Thymus Practice
Active recall questions on aML, MDS, myeloproliferative neoplasms, histiocytic/mast cell disease, and spleen/thymus pathology.
🦋
Pathology › Endocrine, Skin & Musculoskeletal
🦋 Endocrine System
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreatic endocrine, and MEN syndrome pathology.
🩺 Endocrine, Skin & Musculoskeletal
Active Recall
🦋 Endocrine System Practice
Active recall questions on pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreatic endocrine, and MEN syndrome pathology.
🧴
Pathology › Endocrine, Skin & Musculoskeletal
🧴 Skin Pathology
Inflammatory dermatoses, blistering disease, and melanocytic/epithelial skin tumors.
🩺 Endocrine, Skin & Musculoskeletal
Active Recall
🧴 Skin Pathology Practice
Active recall questions on inflammatory dermatoses, blistering disease, and melanocytic/epithelial skin tumors.
🦴
Pathology › Endocrine, Skin & Musculoskeletal
🦴 Bones, Joints & Soft Tissue Tumors
Bone development/metabolic disease, fractures, arthritis, and bone/joint/soft-tissue neoplasms.
🩺 Endocrine, Skin & Musculoskeletal
Active Recall
🦴 Bones, Joints & Soft Tissue Tumors Practice
Active recall questions on bone development/metabolic disease, fractures, arthritis, and bone/joint/soft-tissue neoplasms.
🧵
Pathology › Endocrine, Skin & Musculoskeletal
🧵 Peripheral Nerve Pathology
Nerve injury patterns, inflammatory/infectious/metabolic/inherited neuropathies, and nerve sheath tumors.
🩺 Endocrine, Skin & Musculoskeletal
Active Recall
🧵 Peripheral Nerve Pathology Practice
Active recall questions on nerve injury patterns, inflammatory/infectious/metabolic/inherited neuropathies, and nerve sheath tumors.
🦷
Pathology › Head & Neck
🦷 Head and Neck Pathology
Oral cavity, nose/sinus/nasopharynx, larynx, ear, neck mass, and salivary gland disease.
🩺 Head & Neck
Active Recall
🦷 Head and Neck Pathology Practice
Active recall questions on oral cavity, nose/sinus/nasopharynx, larynx, ear, neck mass, and salivary gland disease.
👶
Pathology › Pediatric & Perinatal
👶 Pediatric Genetic & Neoplastic Disease
Inborn errors of metabolism and the major pediatric solid tumors.
🩺 Pediatric & Perinatal
Active Recall
👶 Pediatric Genetic & Neoplastic Disease Practice
Active recall questions on inborn errors of metabolism and the major pediatric solid tumors.
🍼
Pathology › Pediatric & Perinatal
🍼 Perinatal & Developmental Pathology
Congenital anomalies, prematurity, perinatal infection, and SIDS.
🩺 Pediatric & Perinatal
Active Recall
🍼 Perinatal & Developmental Pathology Practice
Active recall questions on congenital anomalies, prematurity, perinatal infection, and SIDS.
🧠
Pathology › Neuropathology
🧠 Central Nervous System Pathology
Cellular pathology, malformations, trauma, cerebrovascular disease, infections, demyelinating/neurodegenerative disease, and CNS tumors.
🩺 Neuropathology
Active Recall
🧠 Central Nervous System Pathology Practice
Active recall questions on cellular pathology, malformations, trauma, cerebrovascular disease, infections, demyelinating/neurodegenerative disease, and CNS tumors.
👁️
Pathology › Neuropathology
👁️ Eye Pathology
Orbit through optic nerve — inflammatory, vascular, degenerative, and neoplastic eye disease.
🩺 Neuropathology
Active Recall
👁️ Eye Pathology Practice
Active recall questions on orbit through optic nerve — inflammatory, vascular, degenerative, and neoplastic eye disease.